Archbishopric of Salzburg Totally Explained

Everything about Archbishopric Of Salzburg totally explained

The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly consisting of the present-day state of Salzburg (the ancient Roman city of Iuvavum) in Austria.
The most famous Archbishop was probably the last with princely authority, Hieronymus von Colloredo, who was an early patron of Salzburg native Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
The Archbishop of Salzburg also bears the title Primas Germaniae (which means "First [Bishop] of Germania"). The powers of this title — which are in no way jurisdictional — are limited to being the pope's first correspondent in the German-speaking world. He also has the title of legatus natus (or permanent legate) to the pope, which allows him the privilege of wearing the scarlet vesture of a cardinal, even in Rome, although he isn't a cardinal.

History

Abbot-Bishopric (4th century – c. 482)

Around AD 450, the Vita Sancti Severini reported that Salzburg was home to two churches and a monastery. Very little is known of the early bishopric, and St. Maxius is the only abbot-bishop known by name. A disciple of St. Severin, he was martyred in the retreat from Noricum. Salzburg was destroyed soon after in c. 482 and with it the bishopric, six years before the departure of the Roman legions from the region.

Bishopric (c. 543/698 – 798)

St. Rupert, Bishop of Worms and called the apostle of Bavaria and Carinthia, later came to the region and reestablished the diocese after erecting a church at Wallersee and finding the ruins of Salzburg overgrown with brambles. It is unknown whether he arrived in c. 543 during the time of Theodo I or in c. 698 when Bavaria was conquered by the Franks. In either case, it wasn't until after 700 that Christian civilisation reemerged in the region. The cathedral monastery was named in honour of St. Peter and Rupert's niece Ehrentrudis founded the nunnery at Nonnberg. St. Boniface completed the work of St. Rupert, and placed Salzburg under the primatial see of the Archbishopric of Mainz. St. Boniface quarrelled with Bishop St. Vergilius over the existence of antipodes, although St. Vergilius began the valuable book Liber Confraternitatum, or the Confraternity Book of St. Peter.

Early Archbishopric (798–1060)

Arno enjoyed the respect of the Frankish king Charlemagne who assigned to him the missionary territory between the Danube, the Raab, and Drave Rivers which had recently been conquered from the Avars. Monasteries were founded and all of Carinthia was slowly Christianised. While Arno was in Rome attending to some of Charlemagne's business in 798, Pope Leo III appointed him Archbishop over the other bishops in Bavaria (Freising, Passau, Regensburg, and Säben). When the dispute over the ecclesiastical border between Salzburg and Aquileia broke out, Charlemagne declared the Drave to be the border. Arno also began the copying of 150 volumes from the court of Charlemagne, beginning the oldest library in Austria.
Archbishop Adalwin suffered great troubles when King Rastislav of Great Moravia attempted to removed his realm from the ecclesiastical influence of the Germans. Pope Adrian II appointed Methodius the Archbishop of Pannonia and Moravia, and it was only when Rastislav was captured by King Louis II that Adalwin could adequately protest the invasion of his rights. Methodius appeared at the Synod of Salzburg where he was struck in the face and imprisoned in close confinement for two and a half years. Adalwin attempted to legitimise his imprisonment, but was compelled to release Methodius when ordered by the Pope.
Soon after, the Magyars ravaged Great Moravia and not a church was left standing in Pannonia. Archbishop Dietmar I fell in battle in 907. It wasn't until the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 that the Magyars suffered a crushing defeat, and ecclesiastical life in Salzburg returned to normal. The following year after Archbishop Herhold allied with Duke Ludolph of Swabia and Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine, he was deposed, imprisoned, blinded, and banished. Archbishop Bruno of Cologne, called the Bishop-Maker, appointed Frederick I archbishop and declared the Abbacy of St. Peter independent. In 996, Archbishop Hartwig received the right to mint money.

Investiture Era (1060–1213)

In the era beginning with Pope Gregory VII, the Catholic church entered an era of santification and righteousness in the church. The first archbishop of the era was Gebhard, who during the Investiture Controversy remained on the side of the Pope. Gebhard thus suffered a nine year exile, and was allowed to return shortly before his death and was buried in Admont. His successor Thimo was imprisoned for five years, and suffered a horrible death in 1102. After King Henry IV abdicated and Conrad I of Abensberg was elected Archbishop. Conrad lived in exile until the Calistine Concordat of 1122. Conrad spent the remaining years of his episcopate improving the religious life in the archdiocese.
The Archbishops again took the side of the Pope during the strife between them and the Hohenstaufens. Archbishop Eberard I of Hilpolstein-Biburg was allowed to reign in peace, but his successor Conrad II of Austria earned the Emperor's wrath and died in 1168 in Admont a fugitive. Conrad III of Wittelsbach was appointed the Archbishop of Salzburg in 1177 at the Diet of Venice, after the partisans of both Pope and Emperor were deposed.

Prince-Bishopric (1213–1803)

Archbishop Eberard II of Truchsess was made a prince of the Empire in 1213, and created three new sees: Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218) and Lavant (1225). Eberard was excommunicated in 1245 after refusing to publish a decree deposing the emperor and died suddenly the next year. During the German Interregnum, Salzburg also suffered confusion. Philip of Carinthia refused to take priestly consecrations, and was deposed by Ulrich, Bishop of Seckau.
   King Rudolph I of Habsburg quarrelled with the archbishops through the manipulations of Abbot Henry of Admont, and after his death the archbishops and the Habsburgs made peace in 1297. The people and archbishops of Salzburgs remained loyal to the Habsburgs in their struggles against the Wittelsbachs. When the Black Death reached Salzburg in 1347, the Jews were accused of poisoning the wells and suffered severe persecution. The Jews were expelled from Salzburg in 1404. Later, the Jews were allowed to return but were forced to wear pointed hats. The Renaissance was a period of cultural decay due to the poor rulership of the archbishops and poor conditions in the empire during the reign of Frederick IV.
   Conditions were at their worst during the reign of Bernard II of Rohr. The country was in depression, local authorities were raising their own taxes and the Turks were ravaging the archdiocese. In 1473, he summoned the first provincial diet in the history of the archbishopric, and eventually abdicated. It was only Leonard of Keutschach (reigned 1495–1519) who reversed the situation. He had all the burgomasters and town councillors (who were levying unfair taxes) arrested simultaneously and imprisoned in the castle. His last years were spent in bitter struggle against Matthäus Lang of Wellenburg, Bishop of Gurk, who succeeded him in 1519.
   Matthäus Lang was largely unnoiticed in official circles, although his influence was felt throughout the archbishopric. He brought in Saxon miners, which brought with them Protestant books and teachings. He then attempted to keep the populace Catholic, and during the Latin War was besieged in the Hohen-Salzburg, declared a "monster" by Martin Luther, and two later uprisings by the peasants lead to suffering to the entire archdiocese. Later bishops were wiser in the ruling and spared Salzburg the religious wars and devastations seen elsewhere in Germany. Archbishop Wolfgang Theodoric of Raitenau gave the Protestants the choice of either to live Catholic or leave. The Cathedral was rebuilt in such splendour that it was unrivalled by all others north of the Alps.
   Archbishop Paris of Lodron led Salzburg to peace and prosperity during the Thirty Years' War in which the rest of Germany was thoroughly devastated. During the reign of Leopold Anthony of Firmian, Protestants emerged more vigorously than before. He invited the Jesuits to Salzburg and asked for help from the emperor, and finally ordered the Protestants to recant or emigrate - about 30,000 people left and settled in Württemberg, Hanover and East Prussia, and a few settled in Georgia in the United States of America. The last Prince-Archbishop, Hieronymus of Colloredo, is probably the most well-known for his patronage of Mozart. His reforms of the church and education alienated himself from the people.

Modern Archbishopric (1803–present)

In 1803, Salzburg was secularised as the Electorate of Salzburg for the former Grand Duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany (brother of Emperor Francis II), who had lost his throne. In 1805 it came to Austria, and in 1809 to Bavaria, who closed the University of Salzburg, banned monasteries from accepting novices, and banned pilgrimages and processions. The Congress of Vienna restored Salzburg to the milder Austrians in 1814, and ecclesiastical life was again normalised by Archbishop Augustus John Joseph Gruber (reigned 1823-1835).

Bishops of Salzburg

Abbot-Bishops of Iuvavum c. 300s – c. 482

St. Maximus of Salzburg d. 476

Abandoned after c. 482

Bishops of Iuvavum (from 755, Salzburg)

St. Ruprecht c. 543–? or c. 698 – c. 718

Vitalis

Erkenfried

Ansologus

Ottokar

Flobrigis

Johann I

St. Virgilius c. 745 or c. 767 – c. 784

Archbishops of Salzburg

Archbishops of Salzburg, 798–1213

Arno 784–821

Adalram 821–836

Leutram 836–859

Adalwin 859–873

Adalbert I 873

Dietmar I 873–907

Pilgrim I 907–923

Adalbert II 923–935

Egilholf 935–939

Herhold 939–958

Friedrich I 958–991

Hartwig 991–1023

Günther 1024–1025

Dietmar II 1025–1041

Baldwin 1041–1060

Gebhard 1060–1088

Thiemo 1090–1101

Konrad I von Abensberg 1106–1147

Eberhard I von Hilpolstein-Biburg 1147–1164

Konrad II of Austria 1164–1168

Adalbert III of Bohemia 1168–1177

Conrad III 1177–1183

Adalbert III of Bohemia (restored) 1183–1200

Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg, 1213–1803

Eberhard II von Truchsees 1200–1246

Bernhard I von Ziegenhain 1247

Philipp of Carinthia 1247–1256

Ulrich von Sekau 1256–1265

Ladislas of Silesia-Liegnitz 1265–1270

Friedrich II von Walchen 1270–1284

Rudolf von Hoheneck 1284–1290

Konrad IV von Breitenfurt 1291–1312

Weichard von Pollheim 1312–1315

Friedrich III von Liebnitz 1315–1338

Heinrich Pyrnbrunner 1338–1343

Ordulf von Wiesseneck 1343–1365

Pilgrim II von Pucheim 1365–1396

Gregor Schenk von Osterwitz 1396–1403

Eberhard III von Neuhaus 1403–1427

Eberhard IV von Starhemberg 1427–1429

Johann II von Reichensperg 1429–1441

Friedrich IV Truchsees von Emmerberg 1441–1452

Sigismund I von Volkersdorf 1452–1461

Burchard von Weissbruch 1461–1466

Bernhard II von Rohr 1466–1482

Bernhard III Peckenschlager 1482–1489

Friedrich V von Schallenburg 1489–1494

Sigismund II 1494–1495

Leonhard von Keutschach 1495–1519

Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg 1519–1540

Ernest of Bavaria 1540–1554

Michael von Khuenburg 1554–1560

Johann Jakob Khun von Bellasy 1560–1586

Georg von Khuenburg 1586–1587

Wolfgang Dietrich von Raitenau 1587–1612

Marcus Sittich von Hohenems 1612–1619

Paris von Lodron 1619–1653

Guidobald von Thun 1654–1668

Maximilian Gandalf von Khuenburg 1668–1687

Johann Ernst von Thun 1687–1709

Franz Anton von Harrach 1709–1727

Leopold Anton von Firmian 1727–1744

Jakob Ernst von Liechtenstein-Castelcorno 1744–1747

Adnreas Jakob von Dietrichstein 1747–1753

Sigismund III von Schrattenbach 1753–1771

Hieronymus von Colloredo 1772–1812 (last prince-archbishop, lost temporal power in 1803 after secularization)

Duchy of Salzburg 1803–1805

The secularized Duchy of Salzburg was created in 1803, but annexed by Austria in 1805. The Duke of Salzburg was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg:

Ferdinand 1803–1805

Modern Archbishops of Salzburg 1803–present

Sigmund Christoph, Graf von Zeil und Trauchburg 1812–1814

Augustin Johann Joseph Gruber 1823–1835

Friedrich Johann Joseph Cölestin, Fürst zu Schwarzenberg 1835–1849

Maximilian Joseph von Tarnóczy 1850–1876

Franz de Paula Albert Eder 1876–1890

Johann Evangelist Haller 1890–1900

Johannes Baptist Katschthaler 1900–1914

Balthasar Kaltner 1914–1918

Ignaz Rieder 1918–1934

Sigismund Waitz 1934–1941

Andreas Rohracher 1943–1969

Eduard Macheiner 1969–1972

Karl Berg 1972–1988

Georg Eder 1988–2002

Alois Kothgasser 2002–present

Suffragan Dioceses

Feldkirch

Graz–Seckau

Gurk

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